Wait until all students are looking at you and ready to listen before giving directions. Always practice attention signals. To quote Benjamin Franklin: Tell me and I forget. It is a part of their biologically based attention dysfunction, and is beyond their easy . New York: Pantheon. Often attention behaviors occur when the student does not know the correct or appropriate way to ask for attention. Ill be discussing how to keep those pesky kids from getting distracted and paying attention during class time. The first and perhaps most important management strategy is to insure that all students understand how attention works and identify their particular profiles of attention strengths and weaknesses. At the end of analysis, we organized these strategies into five main categories as follows: technology-based strategies (15 articles), collaborative strategies (10 articles), active learning strategies (three articles), simulation-based strategies (two articles), and research-based strategies (two articles). Encouraging autonomy is important in a student's development and overall retention, but can be very challenging at times. For many students with ADHD, maintaining sustained focus on schoolwork is a mentally draining challenge. You are the teacher. 30 || Incorporating smells using oils, scented doughs, scented sensory bins, and other activities to explore the olfactory system. Tips on finding great books, reading nonfiction and more, Why Some Kids Struggle Makes sense, right? [5] In small groups, have students lay out the cards face-down on their desks and see how many words they can match to their definitions. A study of student attention decline using clickers. The first and perhaps most important management strategy is to insure that all students understand how attention works and identify their particular profiles of attention strengths and weaknesses. In addition to active learning, and when lecture is necessary, include small breaks at the end of sections (at least every 20 minutes), and if possible, allow students to get up and move around the classroom as much as possible. Research shows that while students commonly lose focus for under a minute before they refocus, their ability to maintain attention diminishes throughout the class period. By looking at the bigger picture and designing your learning from there, learning becomes meaningful. Levine, M. D. (2002). Each time the location is changed, the student may experience a burst of mental energy. Themed Booklists How might you apply this material in your own experience? or How does this align with your interests? can both serve as a pause for student interaction and gives you insight into what is connecting with students and what can use more work. Plan your lessons around the average attention span for your grade level, with brain breaks in between so paying attention in class is manageable. Students need intrinsic motivation, and campus administrators . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. By letting children know what they will be achieving in the week ahead, they will know where they are going and can focus on completing their task to a high standard. As an instructor, it is your job to make the material matter to your students. Your students will soon get used to this routine and it should be pretty quick and easy to quiet them down. As a result of increased academic rigor and limited movement opportunities during the school day, students may have more limited focus and difficulty in maintaining attention in the classroom (McMurrer, 2007; Stark, Rentner, & Kober 2014; Common Core State Standards 2014). Brain breaks are short activities (usually between 5 and 10 minutes) that allow students to stand up and get their wiggles out. behaviors and/or strategies that encourage student demonstration of appropriate/expected . They did not gain anyones long-term attention. Driven to distraction: Recognizing and coping with attention deficit disorder from childhood through adulthood. You can get a similar reaction from your class, when you suddenly announce a surprise timetables test on a Monday morning. Because it makes students feel more connected, seen and heard from a distance. Looking right at him, his teacher or parent could say, "Now listen very carefully. Allow short breaks. Book Finder Strategies like this also allow children to see the journey that they have, and will, be taking. Strategies to Enhance Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. Levy, S. 15 Little Tricks to Get Your Class Attention (and Hold It). Busy Teacher. Create your own booklists from our library of 5,000 books! can both serve as a pause for student interaction and gives you insight into what is connecting with students and what can use more work. We have more than 5,000 books in our library! These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Once this question is answered, we can then start to piece together the steps the children need to take and the skills that need to be developed in order to reach that long-term motivational goal. Read student responses, and as much as possible, integrate answers into your course material. Advice The key to any successful classroom management plan is to think carefully about the goals you want to achieve and act confidently. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. Cover up shelving with games, materials, etc . Teachers and parents can help students develop previewing and planning skills by requiring them to formulate plans for writing reports and completing projects. This is something we surely want for every child! Novelty can simply refer to the idea of developing new skills, looking at something in a different way or completing something using a new strategy. Communicate Directions and Expectations Clearlyand Often. Sayings like "hocus pocus, everybody focus" and "mac and cheese, everybody freeze" are fun and effective ways to win back your students' attention. This is a real challenge which makes lesson management skills so sophisticated Kyriacou, 1998). Even more, research supports that active learning enhances student success: One study demonstrated that students have been shown to perform better on course exams and were less likely to fail in courses incorporating active learning (Freeman et al., 2014). Have no fear! Thomas, A., Thorne, G., Small, R., DeSanti, P., and Lawson, C. (1998). 9. Shafer, L. Fun and (Brain) Games. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Not all children are wired the same and not all our curriculum objectives are very engaging. The concept of previewing should be explained to the students and they should be aware of the fact that the activities they are engaging in will help them develop previewing/ planning skills. I am going to make an effort to allow for more movement and to vary my instructional strategies more often. Class discussions, real-time polls, and group problem solving are all ways in which students can engage with material actively. Introduce a fact that seems to contradict the learner's past . How long can students pay attention in class? This will allow students to interact with their peers while there is a division of tasks to achieve group work. Developmental variation and learning disorders. It is critical to harmoniously match content retention, positive learning outcomes, and student perception. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 EducationCorner.com. Boese, M. Encouraging Young Children to Develop Their Attention Skills. Edutopia. Finally, make eye contact with your audiencethis will be helpful not only in capturing attention, but also in gauging the overall attention levels of your class. All rights reserved. (2010). Brain breaks are short activities (usually between 5 and 10 minutes) that allow students to stand up and get their wiggles out. Consider the following questions: With a plan in place to engage your students, you will be well on your way to making your class time easy to pay attention to. Change the level and tone of your voice to match the lecture material and move around the room as you speak. inspiration, and practical strategies for learning and teaching in preK-12 education. Your class should be quiet in 5 seconds. Movement works equally well to engage sluggish or weary students. If you get that right, you gain short term attention. 4. Strategies like this also allow children to see the journey that they have, and will, be taking. Hocus Pocus, Everybody Focus is a fantastic brain break game that can teach students to listen carefully and focus during class. - Ross Parker open_in_new. [1] This means that a kindergartners attention span may be between 10 and 18 minutes long. If the answer is nothing, then it probably isnt worth doing. Some are even staring into space: Are they thinking about the laundry they accidentally left in their dryer or maybe an upcoming meeting they have after class? Covington, LA: Center for Development & Learning. 10 Awesome Tips to Manage School Discipline Issues 4 Innovative Teaching Methods to "WOW" Your Students 1. Give them leadership/mentor/tutor roles. Learn and use your students names (if this seems overwhelming, use name tents). Help your students develop and practice different strategies for solving two-digit addition with this mega-pack of practice sheets! Vary instructional strategies constantly. Using non-verbal communication in online learning can help you get your students' attention online. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Student Engagement; Teacher Wellness; Topics A-Z; Grade Levels. Then, students should be taught attention management strategies. 5. Rules help students stay attentive throughout the session It all starts with a set of fresh rules followed religiously by you as well as the class. [6] If you have students in your class who struggle with speaking out of turn or distracting classmates, this activity can be a fun way to remind them to stay mindful and focused. This sets the class up with the right expectations and provides boundaries for easily identifying when a student's behavior should be considered an outlier. Unfortunately, it seems as if technology has played a huge role in this phenomenon, and it will continue to do so with the way things are going. When learning is meaningful, learning becomes powerful and relevant. Focus games can make for great brain breaks in between lessons as a fun way to help students refresh their minds and maintain attention. Keeping childrens attention can be very challenging in a classroom environment. As teachers, we are constantly competing with the media to engage our children and in a world where social media and YouTube play such a major part of our youngsters lives it can feel rather impossible. Part I was on "Getting Students' Attention". Each and every stepping stone during a lesson needs to have a purpose and be meaningful in the context of what needs to be achieved. But, how do you gain a childs immediate or long-term attention and what might this look like day to day on a cold windy morning in an inner city Year Three class? In addition, use your class time to engage with students interests and experiences. Alternately, he may benefit from using a personal digital assistant (PDA). Calm, a mindfulness meditation website and app, offers free annual subscriptions for teachers where you can find mindfulness activities for young learners. Monitor Students. Be silly Record audio, Tik Tok videos, or videos on Instagram that aggregate their progress and relative success. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Understand Consistent Inconsistency Teachers and parents should understand that the inconsistency of children with attention problems is not evidence of a poor attitude or lack of motivation. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. ELAN Publishing offers a number of good student organizers (available from CDL's A+ Store). by Sandra Rief This is the second of a 4-part blog on getting, focusing, and maintaining students' attention - particularly important for students with ADD / ADHD. We are published by the George Lucas Educational Foundation, a nonprofit . All rights reserved. First, we suggest communicating directions both verbally and in writing. It does not store any personal data. https://busyteacher.org/6047-15-tricks-get-your-class-attention-hold-it.html, 3. Students who are easily distracted should benefit from a structured auditory environment. This blog post will provide you with five strategies for maintaining student attention in your virtual classroom: self-checking, group work, teaching with enthusiasm, short lessons, and engaging activities/lectures. As you pause to scan the room, you notice an alarming number of students buried in their laptops. This type of learning involves students in their own learning, increases student engagement and interaction, and helps students to achieve a deeper learning of course material. This listing is by no means exhaustive, but rather is meant as a place to begin. Anticipation is the best form of teacher defence so keep scanning the room, making eye contact with all students. Attention is enhanced when interest is heightened. How will these questions support student engagement? When determining ways to maintain students attention in class, consider their grade level. Bend over and hold your toes. August 29, 2016. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/uk/16/08/fun-and-brain-games, Written by Marika Ismail Director of Inclusive Curriculum at Waterford.org My 4-year-old son Niko recently started transitional kindergarten at our local elementary school. Shrug your shoulders. Family Education Staff. Then, students should be taught attention management strategies. 20. After all, it is the question of What happened over there? that makes people turn around when a plate smashes in the restaurant kitchen. By sharing these steps with the children, lessons are given a context and form steps towards a purposeful end. (in press). It is important that our tasks and goals have a feeling of newness about them. At home, parents and/or the student could schedule regular breaks and change work sites. However, teachers can utilize strategies to help students maintain attention and stay engaged in class. Incongruity, Conflict. Use visuals and other media to engage your learners. You could also encourage students to draw a picture of a scene as you read a story aloud, keeping their minds engaged rather than wandering off. Remember, students with inattentive and combined ADHD may have a hard time following directions. Is Social Media Good or Bad for Students? Find the best apps for building literacy skills. The brains of children are still developing, making their attention spans much shorter. Providing the least amount of attention possible avoids feeding into or . Also, the student's teachers and parents may need to signal him when something important is about to be stated. 2. The specific consequences for behavior change should also be identified. "everyone who thinks x, move to the right side of the room; if you think y, stand on the left"). You should also practice nonverbal strategies with your students so they learn to pay attention to visual cues as well. The specific behaviors that need to be changed should be identified (e.g., completes reading classwork; raises hand before answering questions; brushes teeth before going to bed; puts dirty clothes in laundry). While research has consistently shown a decline in student attention after only 15 minutes of lecture, more recent investigations have suggested that breaks in attention increase over the course of a class period, happening as often as every 3-4 minutes by the end of a class period. Environmental Strategies for Managing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Carla Betker. Submitted by Mandi Bauer (not verified) on November 5, 2020 - 9:30pm. But how can we line these up? Ask students who you know struggle with attention to show their work after a certain amount of time. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. For many children and adolescents, medication can be helpful in dealing with attentional difficulties. In addition, it may diminish impulsivity and hyperactivity. Students in older elementary grades will have longer attention spans than younger students. Visualize Noise - TooNoisyApp allows kids to visualize their noise levels so that they can control and quiet themselves! Read on to learn more about the average attention span for elementary school students based on current research. When possible, structure your assignments in a way that can include their interests. Mindfulness is an important skill not only for helping students focus in class but for teaching them to recognize and listen to their thoughts, emotions, and actions. It started in the 2010s with Summer Workshops for teachers on a range of education technology topics then diversified into Summits, Phonics refers to the ability to match letters and letter-sounds, which can help your students break the reading code. In this article. Why do we need to persuade the Head Teacher to give us more break time, if the answer is inevitably going to be no? A study of student attention decline using clickers. Teachers should use a variety of instructional strategies and these should be changed approximately every 15 to 20 minutes. No, your children may not grow up to be best-selling authors or world-class mathematicians, but they will grow up with a motivation to develop and grow. Additionally, performance of the targeted behavior must be the only way that the student is able to obtain the reward. These crucial insights help empower you to act quickly and address issues right away as well as to optimize ongoing programming efforts. Change the level and tone of your voice to match the lecture material and move around the room as you speak. It can also help you save time and promote their participation online. There are a variety of strategies and interventions you can utilize to decrease attention seeking behaviors. Originality does not always mean thinking of new activities. Anything that spikes the heart rate will do. Stronger smells (e.g. When teaching, plan a range of activities that ask your students to understand and apply the material they just learned. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Additionally, students' attention is enhanced when information is personally relevant to them. You can do jumping jacks, knee bends, twists, stretches, or your favorite yoga poses. Writing samples from real kids pre-K3. Strategies for Students with Attention Difficulties Published 5 years ago Students with attention difficulties may need special instructional practices, behavior management strategies, social-skills and problem-solving instruction, behavioral interventions, or classroom accommodations to be successful in school. Teaching all of the students ensures that the students with ADHD won't feel isolated or called out. Here are some reasons why students' attention may wander and ways to keep your classes on track. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for treatment and diagnosis. Build Healthy Relationships: This is the most important classroom management strategy you should implement. The average attention span of a third grader may be between 16 and 27 minutes. Click the "References" link above to hide these references. Purpose is one aspect of learning which appears to fit perfectly with the goal of creating interest. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Behavioral, academic and neurodevelopmental surveys. Reinforcement strategies can be used to help students develop and maintain appropriate . Journal of Chemical Education, 87(12), 1438-1443. Finally, make eye contact with your audiencethis will be helpful not only in capturing attention, but also in gauging the overall attention levels of your class. Teachers and parents should understand that the inconsistency of children with attention problems is not evidence of a poor attitude or lack of motivation. Lets explore phonics! Real questions from parents and educators, answered by experts. After all, why do we as adults learn anything new? PLAIN TALK ABOUT K. I. D. S. Cambridge, MA: Educator's Publishing Service. You may want to quietly count to five along with the visual cue of your fingers. Maintaining student safety is one of the fundamental issues of all educators. You need to break it down into these three strategies. Keep it multi-modal. 2. 10. That is, the student could work several minutes at the kitchen table and several minutes on the living room floor. This strategy could be followed by small group work or cooperative learning for 20 minutes. 90% of the information available to us was created in the past 2 years which is a mind-blowing fact! Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Any questions?. When giving directions to an individual student, call the student by name and establish eye contact before providing the directions. Makes sense, right? Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 111(23), 8410-8415. Thomas, A., Thorne, G., & St. Germain, C. (2002). One strategy you can use is to make videos about your favorite topics, which will help engage students with different viewpoints and interests. The practice sheets (20 pages plus 20 answer keys) are designed to address a portion of the first grade Common Core standard 1.NBT.4 and give you a quick and easy frame 4.2 STRATEGIES TO MAINTAIN STUDENTS' ATTENTION Once the lesson has begun, the teacher's main task is to maintain students' attention, interest and involvement in the activities which are at the same time educationally effective. But when teaching students with ADHD and other attention challenges, sometimes even the most finely tuned classroom can sputter. For these children, the first step is recognising some of the signs that attention may be a more challenging area for your child. Next, students could engage in individual seatwork or watch a video. Some examples of reactive strategies include: Ignore attention-seeking behaviors. What open-ended questions can I ask students about this material? Visit the free Get Practical with the Science of Reading series fromWaterford.org Director of Curriculum Julie Christensen. (1998). For example, when completing a book report, the students could submit plans for how they are going to accomplish this task. Use these five focus games, including new and familiar options, in the classroom to enhance students listening and focus skills. 2. A few tricks can help you attract and. Design activities that supplement your lecture, and present these to students intermittently throughout a class session. As students have more difficulty maintaining attention, their learning can be affected and impaired. For example, at school, teachers could ask the student to erase the board, collect papers or take a message to the office. How can we allow children to become immersed and motivated through an entire persuasive writing unit or an entire topic on Romans? If you keep your teaching fresh, you get the long term attention of children that flossing never did, but if you repeat activities and dont give teaching a purpose then you risk your Ancient Greek topic being compared to Gangnam Style and no one wants that. The best resources for strategies are the creative, inventive minds of enlightened assessment professionals, teachers and parents, in partnership with the students they serve. Thorne, G., Thomas, A., and Lawson, C. (2005). While research has consistently shown a decline in student attention after only, have suggested that breaks in attention increase over the course of a class period, happening as often as every, by the end of a class period. Class discussions, real-time polls, and group problem solving are all ways in which students can engage with material actively. Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and how to help, Reading Interventions Attention Strategies. Paying attention to attention. Plan your course sessions with care, and enter each class period with specific ideas about student interaction, class structure, and time management. We paid for driving lessons so we could gain our independence and drive to the local gym, and we developed our ICT skills so we could take pictures of our food and share them on social media sites. It involves the ability to return to an activity when interrupted and to persist in attending to a tedious or boring task. They might also listen to quiet, easy music while falling asleep. If you are teaching students new vocabulary words, you could print out paired flashcards with the word and definition. By being an engaging and prepared instructor, relating course material to student interests, and incorporating active learning into your course design, you have the ability to maintain student attention within your classroom. Long term attention refers to a unit of learning. Educational technology Today's students are surrounded by online distractions. The use of behavior modification and self-assessment strategies can be helpful in increasing desired behaviors (e.g., task completion) and/or decreasing behavior problems (e.g., impulsive blurting out during class). The attention you give to a plate smashing in a restaurant or a YouTube video of a monkey sat on a turtle, is immediate attention. An impossible task you may thinkAccording to Ben, there are three levels of attention you can gain from a human: immediate, short and long. [2] You could use props like cubes or coins to make the concepts clear when teaching students how to add or subtract. Some children/adolescents actually concentrate better in a noisy environment or while listening to music while others may need to use ear plugs. Meet your favorite authors and illustrators in our video interviews. Employing active learning that is, directly and actively involving students in course material is a key part of student learning and has immense benefits within a classroom. Our Mission; Core Strategies; . Address: 4246 Riverboat Rd, Taylorsville, UT 84123. To gain students attention for the entire school year, you must gain their immediate, short term and long term attention. You might pause at the end of a section to ask students to contribute to a graffiti board or concept map; you might dedicate a course period to a fishbowl discussion about a larger topic; you might ask students to spend a few minutes on a think-pair-share activity to encourage reflection and critical thinking. "You know youve read a good book when you turn the last page and feel a little as if you have lost a friend." Many students ask themselves an important question when learning: Why does this matter to me? 6. 1. All of these activities (and more) can be used to maintain student attention, identify gaps in student understanding, and support learning goals. The online classroom is a different environment than the traditional one. The following strategies are offered for enhancing attention and managing attention problems. Include a clearly developed review of resources and approaches you propose to use as a student and a professional. Keep your expectations humble and real Help children get and stay organized by using simple strategies like color-coding their notebooks, using notebooks with dividers, using different folders to file their work, using planners, and consistently using daily, weekly, and monthly schedules. (2004). MindWorks And How Mine Works: A book about learning and thinking, and learning how you think. Teach for Attention! "I try to avoid giving too much homework (other . How long can students pay attention in class? New York: Guilford Press. Describe strategies that support students' wellbeing and safety working within school and/or system, curriculum and legislative requirements. Memory games like matching cards can help students concentrate and retain new information. Vocabulary Memory Game for Kids. https://www.familyeducation.com/fun/indoor-activities/vocabulary-memory-game-kids. In both settings, charts and graphs can be used to monitor progress toward the goal. New York: Pantheon Books. The key to addressing attention-seeking behaviors is simpleavoid giving attention. Teach replacement behaviors - Show your student appropriate ways to get attention. Waterford.org is a 501(c)(3)organization, and gifts aretax deductible as allowed by law. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. For example, they could read a book or have a book read to them. Answers to distraction. To help students refrain from rushing through their work, teachers and parents could avoid making statements such as, "You can go out to recess as soon as you finish your assignment" or "You can watch television when you finish your homework." As much as what we teach matters, we also must consider how we teach it. 2) When you find yourself thinking of something off topic, jot it down on the note pad and return to you work. August 4, 2022. https://www.edutopia.org/article/encouraging-young-children-develop-their-attention-skills, 2. Involve me and I learn. When used intentionally, the above strategies can elevate your classroom from a state of passive receiving to an environment rich with active engagement. As each finger is lifted everyone says: (1) Eyes look (2) Ears listen (3) Mouth closed (4) Hands still (5) Feet quiet. Students should be encouraged to assess their own behavior in addition to being assessed by the adult. This will look different for every course. How can I break up my lecture into smaller blocks of related information? When a university builds a shared vision of student success, it becomes easier for students to identify with the goal, while also allowing the institution to allocate and organize resources to support student success. The student should find his/her best time(s) for studying (his/her most alert times of day), and post these times as his/her "Office Hours." When giving directions to the whole class, use group alerting cues such as 'Eyes and ears on me!' to gain the class's attention. 4.4: Maintain student safety. students should be taught attention management strategies. Additionally, students may need to be doing something with their hands while seated. For example, use yellow chalk on the blackboard or color code outlines. [4] Plus, presenting new information or skills as a game can motivate students to learn and have fun along the way. The student should also experiment with different kinds of background noise levels that work best for him/her when doing homework of studying. Although you can't realistically motivate twenty or thirty students with individualised instruction during each lesson, you can try to appeal more generally to the things that keep learners alertfor example, by grounding theoretical concepts in real-life scenarios and drawing on examples from students' daily routines. 5. Retrieved Dec. 7, 2009, from from http://www.cdl.org/resource-library/articles/Strategies_For_Managing_Attention.php. peppermint) often correspond with more alert and active behavior while softer smells (e.g. Ways of maintaining students' attention while teaching According to Ms. Kimberly ***** here are some of the strategies she uses to maintain student's attention during class. Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. Covington, LA: Center for Development & Learning. Covington, LA: Center for Development & Learning. Appreciate the Achievers: This is one of the most . It can also be helpful for teaching young learners who get distracted easily to follow instructions.[3]. For example, if students need to learn a chronological timetable, the teacher could begin with having the students develop a chronological timetable of the important events in their own lives. You are welcome to print copies for non-commercial use, or a limited number for educational purposes, as long as credit is given to Reading Rockets and the author(s). Such acceptable procedures will surely give the students a certain direction. Pair with Another Adult or Child You can pair the child with another adult or child during that time or even a sibling. If you have a few different lessons to teach before a larger break like recess or lunch, brain breaks can help students refocus and reset, so theyre ready to learn again. However, instead of competing with digital devices and the latest and coolest YouTubers, why not harness these to add extra interest to your lessons. Copyright 2022 Waterford.org. For children, the purpose of learning has to be there too. on Strategies to Maintain Student Attention in the Virtual Classroom, The Advantages and Disadvantages of Studying in New York, Find the Best Computer Science Colleges in New York, The Benefits of Project-Based Learning in the Classroom, The Importance of Teaching Kids to Be Digital Literate, Essential Computer Skills for College Students, How to Design a Daily Class Schedule for Teachers. Letting students know when they are not meeting expectations and have crossed the line between acceptable and unacceptable.". It is a part of their biologically based attention dysfunction, and is beyond their easy control. It should be a small and quick gesture. Use Non-verbal Communication. Students need to feel safe and supported in order to achieve their learning outcomes. You might pause at the end of a section to ask students to contribute to a, ; you might dedicate a course period to a, discussion about a larger topic; you might ask students to spend a few minutes on a, activity to encourage reflection and critical thinking. is your tool belt of . Its not enough to just to count down from three and expect them to be attentive for the rest of the year. Attention Signals for High School Students. 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